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</html>";s:4:"text";s:35125:"The __init__.py creates the application instance and initializes extensions. It does that in an intelligent way so that one application can invoke another application without breaking. Defaults to None. Then, you create a Python application with a Flask framework. We added SECRET_KEY to our app object&#x27;s configuration. <a href="https://overiq.com/flask-101/form-handling-in-flask/">Form Handling in Flask - Flask tutorial - OverIQ.com</a> The following are 15 code examples for showing how to use flask.current_app.secret_key().These examples are extracted from open source projects. <a href="https://flask-socketio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started.html">Getting Started — Flask-SocketIO documentation</a> This info is often referred to as JWT Claims. CSRF_SESSION_KEY = &quot;secret&quot; # Secret key for signing cookies SECRET_KEY = &quot;secret&quot; Save and exit using CTRL+X and confirm with with Y. Session data in Python Flask.  Vulnerability : Python Flask Session Cookie Forging About MITRE CTF. When Flask-Rauth is looking for a consumer key or consumer secret, the name is . A server side template injection is a vulnerability that occurs when a server renders user input as a template of some sort. That&#x27;s an algorithm which encrypts and hashes the message (a JSON data in our case) at the same time using symmetrical secret key. Set secret key in Flask. Let&#x27;s Look At: The Flask Mega-Tutorial When you&#x27;re just starting out with Flask and Python for web development, &#x27; The Flask Mega-Tutorial &#x27; by Miguel Grinberg is the way to go. Forge admin cookie using SECRET_KEY and exploit SSTI directly to gain RCE. According to wikipedia: The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the size of the secret key . For example, depending on the IP that accesses a site, the site may look like: Instead of creating a whole new page . Secret key considerations. Open main2.py and set the secret key as . The socketio.run() function encapsulates the start up of the web server and replaces the app.run() standard Flask development server start up. Example 1 from CTFd. Each Flask web application contains a secret key which used to sign session cookies for protection against cookie data tampering. It doesn&#x27;t explain how to use a secret . # The secret key is needed to keep the client-side sessions secure. We use the credentials to bruteforce ssh and get a login. 在需要token认证的路由前添加 @auth.login_required 即可开启认证. But in the case of a &quot;vanilla&quot; Flask app (no extensions used) the secret ket is used to sign the session . Flask by default stores user sessions in the client as secure cookies, so the client must be able to handle cookies. . In our code, we&#x27;ll simply display the API_KEY in our route. Python Blueprint.secret_key - 3 examples found. To set the flask secret to pink_unicorns and __consumer_key__ secret to horn_of_plenty you would run: . Key tasks include how to: Create a Compartment. CTFd is a capture the flag (CTF) hacking web app built with Flask.The application can be used as-is to run CTF events, or modified for custom rules for related scenarios. As a not-for-profit organization chartered to work in the public interest, MITRE is providing a Cyber Academy to foster the education . 可以在 before_request 处理程序 . Add the following import to resources.py : from flask_jwt_extended import (create_access_token, create_refresh_token, jwt_required, jwt_refresh_token_required, get_jwt_identity, get_raw_jwt) Unlike cookies, Session (session) data is stored on the server.The session is the interval at which the client logs on to the server and logs out the server.The data that is required to be saved in the session is stored in a temporary directory on the server. Requirements You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. pip3 install flask-unsign. Finally, you deploy your application to your cluster using Cloud Shell. WTForms will use the SECRET_KEY as a salt to create A script to generate flask sessions and exploit a server side template injection - ASIS CTF 2017 - flask-custom-sessions.py. All of these attacks rely on the knowledge of the secret key, which is normally protected by the framework, or at least hidden in the code. For some examples of CSRF, check out this article. Surprisingly my solution was unintended, see the author&#x27;s write-up for the intended solution (or this one by @bergi ). Django. Secret Keys. In Part 1, the core concepts of REST and JWTs are introduced, project dependencies are described and installed, and the project is fully configured for prod/dev environments. Flask configuration files | Learning Flask Ep. The token is then used to verify the authenticity of the request. So, given a user id, this method creates and returns a token from the payload and the secret key set in the config.py file. I recently need to figure out the recommended key size for flask&#x27;s secret key.Trawling through flasks&#x27; source, I discovered that it&#x27;s using itsdangerous for signing. That app has the following features: Login form that creates a user session; Account page that displays account balance and a form to transfer money; Logout button to clear the session Pick a different secret key in each application that you build and make sure that this string is not known by anyone. We created a Flask object and set template_folder to the current folder. Set up a Kubernetes cluster on OCI. Again, we&#x27;ll use the banking web site scenario. If we enable the debugger with this code: app = flask.Flask (__name__) app.debug = True. Viewing these configuration items is as easy as injecting a payload of . Part 2 can be found here. Hi, miguel, First I am grateful for your guide about flask web, But I have some questions about flask user session maintain! Just configure Flask-WTF with a secret key, and Flask-WTF takes care of generating and managing unique tokens for your forms. This answer is not useful. In the third SaaS app series post, we&#x27;ll start building the data model for the application using SQLAlchemy and Postgres. Setting up the Secret Key # By default, Flask-WTF prevents all forms from CSRF attacks. If you are finding some values do not persist across . If an attacker gains access to cache storage (e.g., filesystem, Memcached, Redis, etc. Don&#x27;t forget to add the import: import jwt. For the standalone wordlist component, please visit the flask-unsign-wordlist repository.. The chances are, if you can&#x27;t see the files in the folder it&#x27;s because all files like this are &quot;extensions&quot; and are hidden by default, but don&#x27;t worry. Flask-WTF does all of this with an easy one-liner. Flask Unsign. Now our environment variables are ready to use. The payload is where we add metadata about the token and information about the user. 1GoPong Hidden Lotion Flask. The SECRET_KEY configuration variable is used as a general-purpose encryption key by Flask and several third-party extensions. This is the documentation for all of the API that is exported in this extension. 总结. The best-hidden flasks are the ones that security will never suspect. Flask Example. While SSTI in Flask are nothing new, we recently stumbled upon several articles covering the subject in more or less detail because of a challenge in the recent TokyoWesterns CTF. The Flask-Caching extension through 1.10.1 for Flask relies on Pickle for serialization, which may lead to remote code execution or local privilege escalation. Known vulnerabilities in the flask package. 用户可以使用用户密码进行认证，或者使用 token 进行认证. Flaskcards Skeleton Key. To do this in Heroku you can set these variables with the heroku config commands. Description. Configuring Flask-JWT-Extended¶ class flask_jwt_extended. In general, session secret key is used to encrypt content of the session variables. pypi.org. RS256 is an RSA encryption plus SHA-256 hashing. For the API_KEY, we would need to use this directly in our code. flask_httpauth 用于获取请求中的 Authorization 参数. This does not include vulnerabilities belonging to this package&#x27;s dependencies. Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP) Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP) is a common way of implementing two-factor authentication in applications. We bypass the exec without builtins and get a shell in a docker container. # It&#x27;s used for flask applications # You can generate some random key as below: &gt;&gt;&gt; import os &gt;&gt;&gt; os.urandom(24) &#x27;&#92;xfd{H&#92;xe5&lt;&#92;x95&#92;xf9&#92;xe3&#92;x96.5&#92;xd1&#92;x01O&lt;!&#92;xd5&#92;xa2&#92;xa0&#92;x9fR&quot;&#92;xa1&#92;xa8&#x27; # Just take that key and copy/paste it into your config file SECRET_KEY = &#x27;&#92;xfd{H&#92;xe5&lt;&#92;x95&#92;xf9&#92;xe3&#92;x96.5&#92;xd1&#92;x01O&lt;!&#92;xd5&#92;xa2&#92;xa0&#92;x9fR&quot;&#92;xa1&#92;xa8&#x27; PYTHON : demystify Flask app.secret_key [ Gift : Animated Search Engine : https://bit.ly/AnimSearch ] PYTHON : demystify Flask app.secret_key Note: The info. Flask, SQLAlchemy, and Postgres. # The secret key is needed to keep the client-side sessions secure. An object used to hold JWT settings and callback functions for the Flask-JWT-Extended extension. Sep 3, 2018 • By phosphore Category: cheatsheet Tags: Flask &amp; Jinja2 SSTI Introduction. Flask-WTF&#x27;s FlaskForm will automatically create a secure session with CSRF (cross-site request forgery) protection if this key-value is set. Create a Docker image. Secret key gives us new user input properties. That&#x27;s why we&#x27;ve chosen the GoPong Hidden Lotion Flasks as our Best Choice product. It&#x27;s an incredibly in-depth and detailed step-by-step series of articles about Flask, best practices and useful tricks for everything you&#x27;ll want to do in . In order to create a CSRF token, we need to first have a &quot;secret key&quot; on the server. Set this to a complex random value when you want to use the secure cookie for instance. Method 1: Use app.secret_key: app.secret_key = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Method 2: Use app.config: app.config[&#x27;SECRET_KEY&#x27;] = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Method 3: Put it in your config file: SECRET_KEY = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Then load the config form config file: app.config.from_pyfile(&#x27;config.py&#x27;) # if your config file&#x27;s name is . That is for if you have webpages. , unless they know the secret key used . Before Flask-WTF can generate csrf token, we have to add a secret key. The signer in turn uses hmac with a defined hash algorithm or a default one.The default digest method in itsdangerous is SHA-1. Open main2.py and set the secret key as . I really do think the vulnerability of your &quot;path&quot; variables is a serious issue that people forget about that is highlighted in this &quot;mini-wargame.&quot; FYI, my flask-login enhanced strong session cookie site was a bit stronger and I wasn&#x27;t able to exploit that using the secret_key. It works by asking the user for a token usually sent in an SMS, email, or a generated secret pass to the user&#x27;s device with an expiry time. Code vulnerable in a flask. CSRF Protection¶. Use the following command to quickly generate a value for Flask.secret_key (or SECRET_KEY): $ python -c &#x27;import os; print(os.urandom(16))&#x27; b&#x27;_5#y2L&quot;F4Q8z&#92;n&#92;xec]/&#x27; A note on cookie-based sessions: Flask will take the values you put into the session object and serialize them into a cookie. The way Flask is designed usually requires the configuration to be available when the application starts up. If FLASK_ENV environment variable is not set the Flask application will run in the debug mode ( i.e app.debug = True).To put the application in production mode set the FLASK_ENV environment variable to config.ProductionConfig.. After initializing extensions, the import statement in line 21, imports all the views. SECRET_KEY 密钥可自行修改. THREADS_PER_PAGE = 2 # Enable protection agains *Cross-site Request Forgery (CSRF)* CSRF_ENABLED = True # Use a secure, unique and absolutely secret key for # signing the data. of alcohol each (that&#x27;s about 8 shooters in total). RSA is an asymmetric encryption algorithm, which means it operates on a pair of keys - public . This attribute can also be configured from the config with the SECRET_KEY configuration key. Flask-Security integrates with Flask-Mail to handle all email communications between user and site, so it&#x27;s important to configure Flask-Mail with your email server details so Flask-Security can talk with Flask-Mail correctly. We found our secret key: &quot;password1&quot; In this case I didn&#x27;t specify a wordlist so that flask-unsign uses it&#x27;s default wordlist but you could use something like rockyou or any other wordlist. This is the first of two articles covering research into SSTI in the Flask/Jinja2 development stack. Let&#x27;s get started. 12. These are the top rated real world Python examples of flask.Blueprint.secret_key extracted from open source projects. Flask authentication is defined as a process of identifying the eligibility of a user to access any resource by a simple challenge and response mechanism where at first the user requests the access of the resource, post which the server asks for information that will validate the eligibility of the user and the client then passes the . If this value is not set, Flask&#x27;s SECRET_KEY is used instead.. Do not reveal the secret key when posting questions or committing code. The Exploit Database is maintained by Offensive Security, an information security training company that provides various Information Security Certifications as well as high end penetration testing services. One of the benefits of Flask-WTF is that forms are enabled with CSRF protection by default. Your application is using a weak/known secret key and Acunetix managed to guess this key. This article only tells half the story, but it&#x27;s an important half that provides context to the final hack. Show activity on this post. Next, a Flask application ( flask_app) is created: flask_app = create_app(&#x27;flask_test.cfg&#x27;) In order to create the proper environment for testing, Flask provides a test_client helper. That returns interesting string, which is assigned to app.secret_key in the code: (Spoiler: No, this is not the flag either, even if it looks like one;) ) What this string is used for, you can read in Flask manual (in part about session handling). Method 1: Use app.secret_key: app.secret_key = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Method 2: Use app.config: app.config[&#x27;SECRET_KEY&#x27;] = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Method 3: Put it in your config file: SECRET_KEY = &#x27;the random string&#x27; Then load the config form config file: app.config.from_pyfile(&#x27;config.py&#x27;) # if your config file&#x27;s name is . The init_app() style of initialization is also supported. To use the Werkzeug debugger with another WSGI server, we have to explicitly include the middleware: Assign session IDs to sessions for each client. First — setup .env file. Creating A Module / Component In order to generate the csrf token, you must have a secret key, this is usually the same as your Flask app secret key. touch .env. In this pack, you get three lotion bottles that hold 4 Oz. from flask import Flask, render_template, request, flash from forms import ContactForm app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = &#x27;development key&#x27; The token is then used to verify the authenticity of the request. Whether or not you call init_app(), the name parameter you pass to the service object&#x27;s constructor is extremely important. Once you&#x27;ve finished this post, you&#x27;ll have a foundation on which to build the data model of your applications, using SQLAlchemy and Postgres. secret_key ¶ If a secret key is set, cryptographic components can use this to sign cookies and other things. The answer to the question in the hint (&quot;What can you do with a flask Secret_Key?&quot;) is &quot;it depends&quot; : Flask is very flexible, and many extensions use the key in different ways or replace Flask&#x27;s session mechanism. These are the top rated real world Python examples of flask.Flask.secret_key extracted from open source projects. Whether sign the session cookie sid or not, if set to True, you have to set flask.Flask.secret_key, default to be False: SESSION_KEY_PREFIX: A prefix that is added before all session keys. The SECRET_KEY configuration must be set in the Flask application to enable the session to work. Well, it begins right at the start, when beginning to build our application we are inquired to add the &quot;SECRET_KEY&quot;. There are different settings you might want to change depending on the application environment like toggling the debug mode, setting the secret key, and other such environment-specific things. It&#x27;s very important that an attacker doesn&#x27;t know the value of this secret key. We then assigned the Flask object into app variable. It does this by embedding a token in a hidden &lt;input&gt; element inside the form. Disclaimer before exploit. Flask allows us to set a &quot;secret key&quot; value. Python Flask.secret_key - 30 examples found. Report new vulnerabilities Vulnerability Vulnerable versions Snyk patch Published H; Denial of Service (DoS) [,0.12.3) Not available 17 Jul, 2019 . I don&#x27;t have any webpages and am just trying to secure an API only. Now that we have the secret key we can forge a cookie that will give us access to the Flagship Loyalty page. form = FlaskForm(meta={&#x27;csrf&#x27;: False}) You can disable it globally—though you really shouldn&#x27;t—with the configuration: WTF_CSRF_ENABLED = False. Please consider reading both parts in their entirety. BadRequest, Headers, and ImmutableDict are several other callables with code examples from the . Note the way the web server is started. Or, you can simply let Flask-Rauth use Flask&#x27;s super-useful current_app to get the currently active Flask application object, and look for the consumer key and secret in its configuration.. This value is used to prevent malicious hijacking of your form from an outside submission. To enable CSRF protection globally for a Flask app, register the CSRFProtect extension. Command line tool to fetch, decode, brute-force and craft session cookies of a Flask application by guessing secret keys. API Documentation¶. It doesn&#x27;t explain how or if I should be using session information for just calling an api from a client side. Any view using FlaskForm to process the request is already getting CSRF protection. Build a Python application in a Flask framework. The same key is used for encryption and decryption of the message. The secret key used to encode JWTs when using an asymmetric signing algorithm (such as RS* or ES*).The key must be in PEM format. You can vote up the ones you like or vote down the ones you don&#x27;t like, and go to the original project or source file by following the links above each example. Next, let&#x27;s look at an example of a Flask app that&#x27;s vulnerable to CSRF attacks. Flask is a class within the flask.app module of the Flask framework that implements the WSGI application specification.This class acts as a central registry for a significant amount of a Flask application&#x27;s functionality, including URL rounting, template configurations, and handling view functions. The XSS exploits a Jinja2 SSTI on /debug and exfils the Flask config back to my own server. This creates a test version of our Flask application, which we used to make a GET call to the &#x27;/&#x27; URL. Setting up the Secret Key # By default, Flask-WTF prevents all forms from CSRF attacks. # It&#x27;s used for flask applications # You can generate some random key as below: &gt;&gt;&gt; import os &gt;&gt;&gt; os.urandom(24) &#x27;&#92;xfd{H&#92;xe5&lt;&#92;x95&#92;xf9&#92;xe3&#92;x96.5&#92;xd1&#92;x01O&lt;!&#92;xd5&#92;xa2&#92;xa0&#92;x9fR&quot;&#92;xa1&#92;xa8&#x27; # Just take that key and copy/paste it into your config file SECRET_KEY = &#x27;&#92;xfd{H&#92;xe5&lt;&#92;x95&#92;xf9&#92;xe3&#92;x96.5&#92;xd1&#92;x01O&lt;!&#92;xd5&#92;xa2&#92;xa0&#92;x9fR&quot;&#92;xa1&#92;xa8&#x27; flask vulnerabilities and exploits. Bruteforcing Secret Key. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. However, not all the frameworks are correctly warning developers about this security problem. Mail Configuration ¶. Set secret key in Flask. app/routes.py. This makes it possible to use the same backend storage server for different apps, default &quot;session:&quot; SESSION_REDIS In the case of SECRET_KEY, normally some Flask extensions we use would pick this up and use it automatically. Flask Unsign is a penetration testing utility that attempts to uncover a Flask server&#x27;s secret key by taking a signed session verifying it against a wordlist of commonly used and publicly known secret keys (sourced from books, GitHub, StackOverflow and various other sources). def session_cookie_encoder (secret_key, session_cookie_structure): try: app = FlaskMockApp (secret_key) si = SecureCookieSessionInterface 署名には secret_key の値が必要となるため、 セッションの改ざんはできません。 したがって、Flask の標準のセッションでは Cookieからセッションの中身を見ることはできてしまいますが、 secret_key の値が漏洩しない限りセッションの改ざんはできません。 the SECRET_KEY, etc. That only enables the debugger with the built-in dev server. In this part of the &quot;Learning Flask&quot; series, we&#x27;re going to cover our preferred app configuration method, using a config file with classes. Cheatsheet - Flask &amp; Jinja2 SSTI. User input gives us an exec without builtins. It compares the provided token with the actual generated . We find a database in the docker container containing credentials. To start the web server simply execute your script. And bam! itsdangerous 用于生成以及验证 token. Configuration is an important part of any appliction and Flask provides several different methods for us to configure our app. The following code illustrates a basic setup, which could be added to the basic application . As its name implies, the strength of the encryption depends on the value of this variable being secret. The MITRE CTF is a classic Jeopardy style CTF (aka Capture The Flag) held from April 20th to April 21th 2018 organized by MITRE Cyber Academy. ), they can construct a crafted. class flask_httpauth.HTTPDigestAuth¶ This class handles HTTP Digest authentication for Flask routes. Now it is attempting to get the FLASK_SECRET_KEY, the CONSUMER_KEY_CERT and CONSUMER_KEY_SECRET environment variable values for the actual secrets. The flask server and CLI are demonstrated to ensure the setup was performed correctly before moving on to Part 2. When the application is in debug mode the Werkzeug development server is still used and configured . #12 QiTian said 2017-01-23T13:11:35Z. . Source code contains Flask secret key. Exploring SSTI in Flask/Jinja2. First, we do need to have a .env file in the root folder of your project, if you have a Linux based system or Mac, inside the folder of your project just make:. However, in order to generate the token, we need to set a secret key on the server. The Exploit Database is a non-profit project that is provided as a public service by Offensive Security. 3. If you have views that don&#x27;t use FlaskForm or make AJAX requests, use the provided CSRF extension to protect those requests as well.. Setup¶. Before Flask-WTF can generate csrf token, we have to add a secret key. When Flask starts its internal request handling it figures out that the current thread is the active context and binds the current application and the WSGI environments to that context (thread). If you haven&#x27;t read the first post in the series . I have known that we created a session object with unique sessionID to . A Blueprint in Flask is a &quot;mold&quot; or template for creating parts of web applications.This Blueprint class within the flask.blueprints module implements that functionality for Flask web apps. JWTManager (app = None) [source] ¶. Push your image to OCI Container Registry. Next, after initializing SQLAlchemy add JWT secret key constant and initialize JWT by passing our app instance to JWTManager class. There is a big warning about arbitrary code execution if the SECRET_KEY is found. Behind the scene, when you set it, and the Flask application starts, it will check if you have this configured, and if so, the application will automatically begin your session object. Default: None JWT_PRIVATE_KEY ¶. The SECRET_KEY is commonly used for encryption with database connections and browser sessions. These can be seen by anyone, but they cannot be changed (as long as you keep your Flask secret key secret). Templates can be used when only minor details of a page need to change from circumstance to circumstance. flask-unsign. Edit - I was told to read this: demystify Flask app.secret_key which I already did. It does this by embedding a token in a hidden &lt;input&gt; element inside the form. If you want to use another secret key, config it: WTF_CSRF_SECRET_KEY = &#x27;a . You can grab a string from a site such as RandomKeygen.  Cryptographic components can use this to a complex random value when you want to use another secret and! Basic setup, which could be added to the basic application of generating managing. Our code documentation ( 1.1.x ) < /a > Exploring SSTI in Flask/Jinja2 the secure for! 1.10.1 for Flask cookie using SECRET_KEY and Exploit SSTI directly to gain RCE we... Fetch, decode, brute-force and craft session cookies for protection against data! Provided as a public service by Offensive security JWT Claims items is as easy as injecting a payload.! By embedding a token in a hidden & lt ; input & ;! E.G., filesystem, Memcached, Redis, etc for your forms application! Flask-Rauth is looking for a Flask intelligent way so that one application can invoke another application without.. Session object with unique sessionID to: cheatsheet Tags: Flask & amp ; Jinja2 Introduction. //Itnext.Io/Flask-Sessions-What-Are-They-For-How-It-Works-What-Options-I-Have-To-Persist-This-Data-4Ca48A34D3 '' > Quickstart — Flask documentation ( 1.1.x ) < /a > Flask configuration files Learning. Directly in our code the basic application cache storage ( e.g.,,... Moving on to part 2 3, 2018 • by phosphore Category: cheatsheet Tags Flask. Guess this key bypass the exec without builtins and get a SECRET_KEY for Flask FlaskForm process! Package & # x27 ; s dependencies that will give us access to Flagship. A page need to set a secret key, config it: WTF_CSRF_SECRET_KEY &... Is in debug mode the Werkzeug development server is still used and configured register... A big warning about arbitrary code execution if the SECRET_KEY configuration key in itsdangerous is SHA-1 best-hidden flasks the. = & # x27 ; s configuration the same key is used to hold JWT settings callback... The secret key Jinja2 SSTI Introduction tasks include how to: Create a Compartment the following code a. Will give us access to the Flagship Loyalty page application can invoke another application breaking! Encryption algorithm, which may lead to remote code execution if the is. Headers, and ImmutableDict are several other callables with code examples from the app variable s we! How it works SECRET_KEY for Flask relies on Pickle for serialization, which could added! Able to handle cookies admin cookie using SECRET_KEY and Exploit SSTI directly gain... To process the request on a pair of keys - public include to... Key and Acunetix managed to guess this key containing credentials flask secret_key exploit page invoke application..., brute-force and craft session cookies for protection against cookie data tampering or consumer secret, name... Setup was performed correctly before moving on to part 2 Welcome to Flask-HTTPAuth & # x27 ; ve the... 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Guess this key providing a Cyber Academy to foster the education still used configured! Banking web site scenario of keys - public JWT ) are very... < /a Flask! //Medium.Com/ @ nyomanpradipta120/ssti-in-flask-jinja2-20b068fdaeee '' > Python - Where do I get a SECRET_KEY for relies. Execution or local privilege escalation payload of against cookie data tampering value is used prevent...";s:7:"keyword";s:24:"flask secret_key exploit";s:5:"links";s:1121:"<a href="https://robertgrove.net/iqbrynv/tenebrium-weapons-crafting.html">Tenebrium Weapons Crafting</a>,
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